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Season 138, Episode 9 Family Homes in the Houston Loop

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American astronaut (1923–1998)

Alan Shepard
Shepard stands behind a chair wearing a blue suit. In the background is an American flag.

Shepard in 1971
Born

Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr.


(1923-11-xviii)Nov xviii, 1923

Derry, New Hampshire, U.S.
Died July 21, 1998(1998-07-21) (aged 74)

Pebble Beach, California, U.S.
Alma mater
  • United states of america Naval Academy (BS, 1944)
  • Naval War College (MA, 1957)
Occupation
  • Naval aviator
  • Test pilot
  • Astronaut
Awards
  • Navy Distinguished Service Medal
  • Distinguished Flight Cantankerous
  • Congressional Space Medal of Honor
  • NASA Distinguished Service Medal (2)
  • NASA Exceptional Service Medal
Space career
NASA Astronaut
Rank US Navy O8 infobox.svg Rear Admiral,
United States Navy

Fourth dimension in infinite

 9d 00h 57m
Selection 1959 NASA Group 1

Total EVAs

 two

Total EVA time

 ix hours 23 minutes
Missions
  • Mercury-Redstone 3
  • Apollo 14

Mission insignia

 The circular patch depicts a Mercury capsule and a map of Florida, indicating the ballistic path of the capsule into the Atlantic Ocean. The words say: "Mercury 3 – Shepard – Freedom 7" The circular patch depits the Earth and the Moon. An astronaut lapel pin leaves a comet trail from the liftoff point on Earth. Around it is the logo "Apollo 14 – Shepard Roosa Mitchell"
Retirement August 1, 1974

Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr. (November eighteen, 1923 – July 21, 1998) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, test pilot, and businessman. In 1961, he became the second person and the outset American to travel into infinite, and in 1971, he walked on the Moon.

A graduate of the U.s. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Shepard saw activity with the surface navy during World War II. He became a naval aviator in 1946, and a test pilot in 1950. He was selected as one of the original NASA Mercury Seven astronauts in 1959, and in May 1961 he made the start crewed Projection Mercury flight, Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7. His craft entered space, but was not capable of achieving orbit. He became the 2d person, and the first American, to travel into space, and the get-go space traveler to manually control the orientation of his arts and crafts. In the last stages of Project Mercury, Shepard was scheduled to pilot the Mercury-Atlas 10 (MA-10), which was planned as a iii-day mission. He named Mercury Spacecraft 15B Liberty vii II in award of his get-go spacecraft, only the mission was canceled.

Shepard was designated as the commander of the start crewed Project Gemini mission, but was grounded in 1963 due to Ménière's disease, an inner-ear ailment that acquired episodes of extreme dizziness and nausea. This was surgically corrected in 1969, and in 1971, Shepard commanded the Apollo xiv mission, piloting the Apollo Lunar Module Antares. At age 47, he became the fifth, the oldest, and the only one of the Mercury Seven astronauts to walk on the Moon. During the mission, he hit two golf balls on the lunar surface.

Shepard was Primary of the Astronaut Role from Nov 1963 to July 1969 (the estimate period of his grounding), and from June 1971 until his retirement from the United States Navy and NASA on August 1, 1974. He was promoted to rear admiral on August 25, 1971, the first astronaut to reach that rank.

Early life [edit]

Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr. was born on November xviii, 1923, in Derry, New Hampshire,[1] to Alan Bartlett "Bart" Shepard Sr. (1891–1973) and Pauline Renza Shepard (née Emerson; 1900–1993).[2] He had a younger sister, Pauline, who was known as Polly.[3] He was one of many famous descendants of Mayflower rider Richard Warren.[2] His father, Alan B. Shepard Sr., known equally Bart, worked in the Derry National Bank, endemic by Shepard'south grandfather. Alan Sr. joined the National Guard in 1915 and served in France with the American Expeditionary Strength during World War I.[4] He remained in the National Baby-sit between the wars, and was recalled to agile duty during World War Two, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel.[5]

Shepard attended Adams School in Derry, where his academic functioning impressed his teachers; he skipped the 6th grade,[half dozen] and proceeded to middle school at Oak Street School in Derry,[5] where he skipped the eighth course.[vi] He achieved the Boy Scouts of America rank of First Class Scout.[7] In 1936, he went to the Pinkerton University, a individual school in Derry that his begetter had attended and where his grandfather had been a trustee. He completed grades 9 to 12 there.[half-dozen] Fascinated by flight, he created a model aeroplane club at the academy, and his Christmas present in 1938 was a flight in a Douglas DC-3.[8] The following year he began cycling to Manchester Airfield, where he would do odd jobs in exchange for the occasional ride in an plane or informal flying lesson.[ix] [x]

Shepard graduated from Pinkerton Academy in 1940. Because Globe War II was already raging in Europe, his father wanted him to join the Regular army. Shepard chose the Navy instead. He easily passed the entrance exam to the Us Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1940, simply at sixteen was as well young to enter that year. The Navy sent him to the Admiral Farragut Academy, a prep schoolhouse for the Naval Academy, from which he graduated with the Grade of 1941.[xi] Tests administered at Farragut indicated an IQ of 145, just his grades were mediocre.[12]

At Annapolis, Shepard enjoyed aquatic sports. He was a keen and competitive sailor, winning several races, including a regatta held by the Annapolis Yacht Society. He learned to sail all the types of boats the academy endemic, up to and including USSFreedom, a 90-foot (27 chiliad) schooner. He as well participated in swimming, and rowed with the eight.[12] During his Christmas break in 1942, he went to Principia College to be with his sis, who was unable to go home attributable to wartime travel restrictions. There he met Louise Brewer, whose parents were pensioners on the du Pont family estate, and, like Renza Shepard, were devout Christian Scientists.[13] [14] Attributable to the war, the usual four-year class at Annapolis was cut short by a year. He graduated with the Form of 1945 on June half-dozen, 1944, ranked 463rd out of 915, and was commissioned equally an ensign and awarded a Bachelor of Science degree. The following month he became secretly engaged to Louise.[xv] [sixteen]

Naval service [edit]

"You know, beingness a test pilot isn't e'er the healthiest business organization in the world."

—Shepard quoted at the New United mexican states Museum of Space History[17]

Later on a calendar month of classroom instruction in aviation, Shepard was posted to a destroyer, USSCogswell, in August 1944;[xviii] it was US Navy policy that aviation candidates should get-go accept some service at sea.[nine] At the time the destroyer was deployed on active service in the Pacific Ocean. Shepard joined it when information technology returned to the naval base at Ulithi on October xxx.[19] After just two days at sea Cogswell helped rescue 172 sailors from the cruiser USSReno, which had been torpedoed by a Japanese submarine, then escorted the crippled transport back to Ulithi. The send was buffeted past Typhoon Cobra in December 1944, a tempest in which three other destroyers went down, and battled kamikazes in the invasion of Lingayen Gulf in January 1945.[20]

A ship plows through the water. It has two guns forward, and two aft.

Cogswell returned to the Usa for an overhaul in Feb 1945. Shepard was given iii weeks' leave, in which time he and Louise decided to marry. The ceremony took identify on March 3, 1945, in St. Stephen'due south Lutheran Church in Wilmington, Delaware. His father, Bart, served as his best man. The newlyweds had but a cursory time together earlier Shepard rejoined Cogswell at the Long Embankment Navy One thousand on April 5, 1945.[21] Afterward the state of war, they had 2 children, both daughters: Laura, born in 1947,[22] and Julie, born in 1951.[23] Following the death of Louise's sister in 1956, they raised her five-year-onetime niece, Judith Williams—whom they renamed Alice to avoid defoliation with Julie—every bit their ain, although they never adopted her.[24] [25] They eventually had vi grandchildren.[26]

On Shepard's second cruise with Cogswell, he was appointed a gunnery officer, responsible for the 20 mm and 40 mm antiaircraft guns on the transport's bow. They engaged kamikazes in the Boxing of Okinawa, where the ship served in the dangerous role of a radar picket. The job of the radar pickets was to warn the armada of incoming kamikazes, but because they were ofttimes the first ships sighted past incoming Japanese aircraft, they were also the virtually likely ships to be attacked. Cogswell performed this duty from May 27, 1945, until June 26, when it rejoined Task Strength 38. The ship too participated in the Allied naval bombardments of Japan, and was present in Tokyo Bay for the Give up of Japan in September 1945. Shepard returned to the United States later that month.[19] [27]

Shepard, in Navy uniform short and tie, stands before a blackboard on which is stencilled "Student aviator USN – 8-19-1946 class. Above that is written in chalk: "Lt (jg) Shepard, Alan B. Jr"

Shepard as a student aviator in 1946

In November 1945, Shepard arrived at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi in Texas, where he commenced basic flight grooming on January vii, 1946.[28] He was an average student, and for a time faced being "bilged" (dropped) from flight preparation and reassigned to the surface navy. To make up for this, he took private lessons at a local civilian flight school—something the Navy frowned on—earning a civil pilot's license.[29] His flying skills gradually improved, and by early 1947 his instructors rated him above average. He was sent to Naval Air Station Pensacola in Florida for advanced training. His final exam was vi perfect landings on the carrier USSSaipan. The post-obit twenty-four hours, he received his naval aviator wings, which his male parent pinned on his chest.[30]

Shepard was assigned to Fighter Squadron 42 (VF-42), flight the Vought F4U Corsair. The squadron was nominally based on the aircraft carrier USSFranklin D. Roosevelt, but the ship was being overhauled at the time Shepard arrived, and in the meantime the squadron was based at Naval Air Station Norfolk in Virginia. He departed on his first cruise, of the Caribbean, on Franklin D. Roosevelt with VF-42 in 1948. Most of the aviators were, like Shepard, on their first consignment. Those who were not were given the opportunity to qualify for night landings on a carrier, a dangerous maneuver, particularly in a Corsair, which had to bank sharply on arroyo. Shepard managed to persuade his squadron commander to allow him to qualify also. After briefly returning to Norfolk, the carrier gear up out on a nine-calendar month tour of the Mediterranean Sea. He earned a reputation for carousing and chasing women. He too instituted a ritual of, whenever he could, calling Louise at 17:00 (her time) each day.[31]

Normally body of water duty alternated with periods of duty ashore. In 1950, Shepard was selected to nourish the U.s. Naval Exam Pilot School at Naval Air Station Patuxent River in Maryland.[32] As a examination airplane pilot he conducted high-altitude tests to obtain data about the light and air masses at dissimilar altitudes over North America; carrier suitability certification of the McDonnell F2H Banshee; experiments with the Navy's new in-flying refueling system; and tests of the angled flight deck.[16] He narrowly avoided existence court-martialed by the station commander, Rear Admiral Alfred M. Pride, after looping the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and making low passes over the beach at Body of water City, Maryland, and the base; but Shepard's superiors, John Hyland and Robert Yard. Elderberry, interceded on his behalf.[33]

A Corsair on deck. A man stands nearby with fist upraised, giving a signal. There is another Corsair in the air above.

Shepard's next assignment was to VF-193, a night fighter squadron flying the Banshee, that was based at Naval Air Station Moffett Field, California. The squadron was function of Commander James D. "Jig Canis familiaris" Ramage'due south Air Group xix. Naval aviators with experience in jet aircraft were all the same relatively rare, and Ramage specifically requested Shepard'southward assignment on the advice of Elder, who commanded VF-193'south sister squadron, VF-191. Ramage made Shepard his own wingman,[34] a decision that would salve Ramage'south life in 1954, when his oxygen system failed and Shepard talked him through a landing.[35] As squadron operations officer, Shepard'due south most important chore was imparting his noesis of flying jets to his boyfriend aviators to keep them live. He served two tours on the aircraft carrier USSOriskany in the western Pacific. It fix out on a combat bout off Korea in 1953, during the Korean War, but the Korean Armistice Agreement ended the fighting in July 1953, and Shepard did not come across combat.[36]

Rear Admiral John P. Whitney requested Shepard's services as an aide de camp, but Shepard wanted to fly. Therefore, at Shepard's request, Ramage spoke to the admiral on his behalf, and Shepard was instead sent back to Patuxent.[37] He flight tested the McDonnell F3H Demon, Vought F-8 Crusader, Douglas F4D Skyray and Grumman F-eleven Tiger.[38] The Vought F7U Cutlass tended to go into an inverted spin during a snap curl. This was not unusual; many aircraft did this, but commonly if the pilot permit go of the stick the aircraft would correct itself. When he attempted this in the F7U, Shepard found this was not the case. He was unable to break out of the spin and was forced to eject. In 1957, he was project test pilot on the Douglas F5D Skylancer. Shepard did not like the plane, and gave it an unfavorable report. The Navy canceled orders for it, buying the F8U instead. He also filed an unfavorable report on the F11F after a harrowing incident in which the engine failed on him during a high-speed swoop. He managed to restart the engine and avert a fatal crash.[39]

Shepard was an instructor at the Exam Pilot School, and so entered the Naval State of war Higher at Newport, Rhode Isle.[40] He graduated in 1957, and became an Aircraft Readiness Officeholder on the staff of the Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet.[41] By this time he had logged more than 3,600 hours of flying time, including 1,700 hours in jets.[42]

NASA career [edit]

Mercury Vii [edit]

The astronauts pose in front of a delta-winged light blue-gray jet aircraft, holding their flight helmets under their arms. The three Navy aviators wear orange flight suits; the Air Force and Marine ones are green.

On October four, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. This shattered American conviction in its technological superiority, creating a wave of anxiety known every bit the Sputnik crisis. Amidst his responses, President Dwight D. Eisenhower launched the Space Race. The National Aeronautics and Infinite Administration (NASA) was established on October 1, 1958, as a noncombatant agency to develop space technology. One of its get-go initiatives was publicly appear on December 17, 1958. This was Projection Mercury,[43] which aimed to launch a man into Globe orbit, return him safely to the World, and evaluate his capabilities in space.[44]

NASA received permission from Eisenhower to recruit its first astronauts from the ranks of armed forces examination pilots. The service records of 508 graduates of test pilot schools were obtained from the United States Department of Defense. From these, 110 were constitute that matched the minimum standards:[45] the candidates had to be younger than 40, possess a bachelor's degree or equivalent and to exist v feet 11 inches (1.eighty chiliad) or less. While these were not all strictly enforced, the height requirement was firm, owing to the size of the Project Mercury spacecraft.[46] The 110 were then split up into three groups, with the almost promising in the first grouping.[47]

The first group of 35, which included Shepard, assembled at the Pentagon on February 2, 1959. The Navy and Marine Corps officers were welcomed by the Primary of Naval Operations, Admiral Arleigh Burke, while the The states Air Force officers were addressed by the Main of Staff of the U.s.a. Air Force, Full general Thomas D. White. Both pledged their support to the Space Program, and promised that the careers of volunteers would not exist adversely afflicted. NASA officials then briefed them on Projection Mercury. They conceded that it would exist a hazardous undertaking, but emphasized that it was of great national importance. That evening, Shepard discussed the day's events with beau naval aviators Jim Lovell, Pete Conrad and Wally Schirra, all of whom would somewhen go astronauts. They were concerned well-nigh their careers, but decided to volunteer.[48] [49]

The conference procedure was repeated with a second group of 34 candidates a week afterward. Of the 69, six were establish to be over the height limit, 15 were eliminated for other reasons, and 16 declined. This left NASA with 32 candidates. Since this was more than than expected, NASA decided non to bother with the remaining 41 candidates, equally 32 candidates seemed a more than adequate number from which to select 12 astronauts equally planned. The degree of interest also indicated that far fewer would drop out during training than predictable, which would upshot in training astronauts who would non be required to fly Project Mercury missions. It was therefore decided to cutting the number of astronauts selected to just six.[50] Then came a grueling series of physical and psychological tests at the Lovelace Dispensary and the Wright Aerospace Medical Laboratory.[51] Just 1 candidate, Lovell, was eliminated on medical grounds at this stage, and the diagnosis was afterward found to be in error;[52] xiii others were recommended with reservations. The managing director of the NASA Space Job Group, Robert R. Gilruth, found himself unable to select only six from the remaining eighteen, and ultimately vii were chosen.[52]

Shepard was informed of his selection on Apr 1, 1959. Ii days later he traveled to Boston with Louise for the wedding of his cousin Anne, and was able to break the news to his parents and sister.[53] [54] The identities of the seven were announced at a press briefing at Dolley Madison House in Washington, D.C., on April 9, 1959:[55] Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper, John Glenn, Gus Grissom, Wally Schirra, Alan Shepard, and Deke Slayton.[56] The magnitude of the challenge alee of them was made clear a few weeks later, on the dark of May xviii, 1959, when the vii astronauts gathered at Greatcoat Canaveral to watch their first rocket launch, of an SM-65D Atlas, which was like to the one that was to carry them into orbit. A few minutes after liftoff, it spectacularly exploded, lighting upwardly the night heaven. The astronauts were stunned. Shepard turned to Glenn and said: "Well, I'm glad they got that out of the way."[57]

Freedom 7 [edit]

Shepard in his Mercury space suit and helmet, with tubes connected.

Shepard in the Freedom 7 capsule before launch

Faced with intense competition from the other astronauts, particularly John Glenn, Shepard quit smoking and adopted Glenn'due south addiction of taking a forenoon jog.[58] On January 19, 1961, Robert R. Gilruth, the director of NASA's Space Task Group, informed the seven astronauts that Shepard had been chosen for the first American crewed mission into space.[59] Shepard later recalled Louise'south response when he told her that she had her arms around the man who would be the starting time man in space: "Who let a Russian in here?"[threescore] During training he flew 120 simulated flights.[61] Although this flying was originally scheduled for April 26, 1960,[62] information technology was postponed several times by unplanned preparatory work, initially to Dec v, 1960, then mid-January 1961,[63] March 6, 1961,[64] Apr 25, 1961,[65] May 2, 1961, and finally to May 5, 1961.[66] On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the beginning person in space, and the commencement to orbit the Earth.[67] Information technology was some other body accident to American pride.[64] When Shepard heard the news he slammed his fist down on a table so hard a NASA public relations officeholder feared he might have cleaved his hand.[68]

On May 5, 1961, Shepard piloted the Mercury-Redstone 3 mission and became the 2d person, and the kickoff American, to travel into infinite.[69] He named his spacecraft, Mercury Spacecraft 7, Liberty vii.[64] He awoke at 01:10, and had breakfast consisting of orange juice, a filet mignon wrapped in bacon, and scrambled eggs with his fill-in, John Glenn, and flying surgeon William K. Douglas. He was helped into his space suit by suit technician Joseph W. Schmitt, and boarded the transfer van at 03:55. He ascended the gantry at 05:15, and entered the spacecraft five minutes later. It was expected that lift off would occur in some other two hours and v minutes,[seventy] then Shepard's suit did not accept whatsoever provision for elimination of actual wastes, just afterward beingness strapped into the sheathing's seat, launch delays kept him in that adjust for over 4 hours.[71] Shepard's endurance gave out earlier launch, and he was forced to empty his bladder into the accommodate. Medical sensors attached to it to track the astronaut's condition in flight were turned off to avoid shorting them out. The urine pooled in the minor of his back, where it was absorbed by his undergarment.[72] [73] After Shepard'south flight, the infinite suit was modified, and by the time of Gus Grissom's Mercury-Redstone 4 suborbital flight in July, a liquid waste collection feature had been built into the arrange.[74]

Unlike Gagarin's 108-infinitesimal orbital flight in a Vostok spacecraft three times the size of Liberty 7,[67] Shepard stayed on a suborbital trajectory for the fifteen-minute flight, which reached an altitude of 101.2 nautical miles (116.five statute miles; 187.4 kilometers), and so fell to a splashdown 263.1 nautical miles (302.8 statute miles; 487.three kilometers) downward the Atlantic Missile Range.[75] Unlike Gagarin, whose flight was strictly automated, Shepard had some command of Freedom 7, spacecraft attitude in item.[76] Shepard's launch was seen live on idiot box past millions.[77] It was launched atop a Redstone rocket. According to Gene Kranz in his 2000 volume Failure Is Not an Option, "When reporters asked Shepard what he thought about as he sat atop the Redstone rocket, waiting for liftoff, he had replied, 'The fact that every part of this transport was congenital by the lowest bidder.'"[78]

A green helicopter hovers low over the water, with the Mercury capsule suspended below. The helicopter has "Marines" written on it, and the number "44"

Marine Corps HUS-1 helicopter from HMR-262 retrieves Freedom 7 from the Atlantic

After a dramatic Atlantic Body of water recovery, Shepard observed that he "didn't really feel the flight was a success until the recovery had been successfully completed. It'south not the fall that hurts; it'south the sudden stop."[79] Splashdown occurred with an bear upon comparable to landing a jet shipping on an aircraft carrier. A recovery helicopter arrived after a few minutes, and the capsule was lifted partly out of the water to allow Shepard to leave past the principal hatch. He squeezed out of the door and into a sling hoist, and was pulled into the helicopter, which flew both the astronaut and spacecraft to the aircraft carrier USSLake Champlain. The whole recovery process took just 11 minutes.[lxxx] Shepard was historic every bit a national hero, honored with ticker-tape parades in Washington, New York and Los Angeles, and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy.[81] He was also awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.[82]

Shepard served every bit capsule communicator (CAPCOM) for Glenn's Mercury-Atlas 6 orbital flying, which he had besides been considered for,[83] and Carpenter'southward Mercury-Atlas 7.[84] He was the backup pilot for Cooper for the Mercury-Atlas nine mission,[85] nearly replacing Cooper after Cooper flew low over the NASA administration building at Cape Canaveral in an F-102.[86] In the final stages of Projection Mercury, Shepard was scheduled to pilot the Mercury-Atlas 10 (MA-ten), which was planned equally a three-day mission.[87] He named Mercury Spacecraft 15B Freedom 7 2 in honor of his first spacecraft, and had the name painted on it,[88] but on June 12, 1963, NASA Administrator James E. Webb appear that Mercury had accomplished all its goals and no more than missions would exist flown.[87] Shepard went as far equally making a personal entreatment to President Kennedy, merely to no avail.[89]

Project Gemini; Chief Astronaut [edit]

The men wear dark suits. A Naval officer in khaki stands behind them. The White House is in the background.

Project Gemini followed on from Project Mercury.[90] Later on the Mercury-Atlas 10 mission was canceled, Shepard was designated every bit the commander of the offset crewed Gemini mission, with Thomas P. Stafford chosen as his pilot.[91] In late 1963, Shepard began to experience episodes of extreme dizziness and nausea, accompanied by a loud, clanging dissonance in the left ear. He tried to proceed it secret, fearing that he would lose his flying status, only was aware that if an episode occurred in the air or in space information technology could exist fatal. Post-obit an episode during a lecture in Houston, where he had recently moved from Virginia Embankment, Virginia, Shepard was forced to confess his ailment to Slayton, who was now Managing director of Flight Operations, and seek help from NASA's doctors.[92]

The doctors diagnosed Ménière's illness, a condition in which fluid pressure builds up in the inner ear. This syndrome causes the semicircular canals and motility detectors to go extremely sensitive, resulting in disorientation, dizziness, and nausea. At that place was no known cure, but in almost 20 per centum of cases the condition went abroad by itself. They prescribed diuretics in an attempt to drain the fluid from the ear. They also diagnosed glaucoma. An X-ray plant a lump on his thyroid, and on Jan 17, 1964, surgeons at Hermann Hospital fabricated an incision on his throat and removed 20 percentage of his thyroid.[93] [94] The condition caused Shepard to be removed from flying status. Grissom and John Young flew Gemini 3 instead.[95]

Shepard was designated Master of the Astronaut Office in November 1963, receiving the title of Primary Astronaut.[96] He thereby became responsible for NASA astronaut preparation. This involved the development of advisable grooming programs for all astronauts and the scheduling of preparation of individual astronauts for specific missions and roles. He provided and coordinated astronaut input into mission planning and the design of spacecraft and other equipment to be used by astronauts on space missions.[88] He as well was on the selection panel for the NASA Astronaut Group 5 in 1966.[97] He spent much of his fourth dimension investing in banks, wildcatting, and existent estate. He became office possessor and vice president of Baytown National Bank and would spend hours on the phone in his NASA office overseeing it. He also bought a partnership in a ranch in Weatherford, Texas, that raised horses and cattle.[98] During this menstruation, his secretary Gaye Alford had 2 "mood-of-the-twenty-four hours" photographs taken of Shepard, one of a grinning Al Shepard, and the other of a grim-looking Commander Shepard. To warn visitors of Shepard's mood, she would hang the advisable photograph on the door of her dominate'south private office.[99] Tom Wolfe characterized Shepard's dual personalities equally "Smilin' Al" and the "Icy Commander".[100]

Apollo program [edit]

Mitchall, a smiling Shepard and Roosa wearing their Apollo space suits without the helmets. Their suits sport their names, the mission patch on the left breast and NASA patch on the right. The wear the American flag on their left sleeve. Shepard has red rings in his arms. In the background is a giant mission patch, surrounded by black space and stars.

In 1968, Stafford went to Shepard's office and told him that an otologist in Los Angeles had developed a cure for Ménière's disease. Shepard flew to Los Angeles, where he met with William F. House. Firm proposed to open Shepard's mastoid bone and make a tiny pigsty in the endolymphatic sac. A small tube was inserted to bleed excess fluid. The surgery was conducted in early on 1969 at St. Vincent'south Hospital in Los Angeles, where Shepard checked in nether the pseudonym of Victor Poulos.[88] [101] The surgery was successful, and he was restored to full flight status on May 7, 1969.[88]

Shepard and Slayton put Shepard down to command the next available Moon mission, which was Apollo 13 in 1970. Under normal circumstances, this assignment would have gone to Cooper, as the backup commander of Apollo 10, only Cooper was not given information technology. A rookie, Stuart Roosa, was designated the Command Module Airplane pilot. Shepard asked for Jim McDivitt as his Lunar Module Pilot, just McDivitt, who had already allowable the Apollo 9 mission, balked at the prospect, arguing that Shepard did not have sufficient Apollo training to command a Moon mission. A rookie, Edgar Mitchell, was designated the Lunar Module Pilot instead.[102] [103]

Shepard stands in a white flight suit in front of a vehicle made of tubing, with two metal spheres and a small cabin

When Slayton submitted the proposed crew assignments to NASA headquarters, George Mueller turned them down on the grounds that the coiffure was too inexperienced. And so Slayton asked Jim Lovell, who had been the backup commander for Apollo 11, and was slated to command Apollo 14, if his crew would be willing to fly Apollo xiii instead. He agreed to exercise so, and Shepard's crew was assigned to Apollo xiv.[102] [103]

Neither Shepard nor Lovell expected in that location would be much difference between Apollo 13 and Apollo 14,[102] but Apollo 13 went disastrously wrong. An oxygen tank explosion caused the Moon landing to exist aborted and well-nigh resulted in the loss of the crew. Information technology became a joke betwixt Shepard and Lovell, who would offer to give Shepard back the mission each time they bumped into each other. The failure of Apollo thirteen delayed Apollo xiv until 1971 so that modifications could exist made to the spacecraft. The target of the Apollo fourteen mission was switched to the Fra Mauro germination, the intended destination of Apollo 13.[104]

Shepard made his second space flight every bit Commander of Apollo 14 from January 31 to February 9, 1971. It was America's 3rd successful lunar landing mission. Shepard piloted the Lunar Module Antares.[105] He became the fifth and, at the age of 47, the oldest human to walk on the Moon, and the only one of the Mercury Seven astronauts to do and so.[106] [107]

This was the offset mission to broadcast extensive color tv coverage from the lunar surface, using the Westinghouse Lunar Colour Camera. (The same colour camera model was used on Apollo 12 and provided about 30 minutes of colour telecasting before it was inadvertently pointed at the Dominicus, ending its usefulness.) While on the Moon, Shepard used a Wilson 6-fe head attached to a lunar sample scoop handle to bulldoze golf game balls.[105] Despite thick gloves and a stiff spacesuit, which forced him to swing the gild with one hand, Shepard struck two golf balls, driving the second, every bit he jokingly put information technology, "miles and miles and miles".[108] Assay of loftier-resolution film scans of the upshot determined the distance to be about 24 yards (22 m) for the first shot and 40 yards (37 one thousand) for the 2nd.[109] [110]

An astronaut in an Apollo space suit with red stripes on the arms and legs and down the helmet stands amid gray dust, grasping the pole of an American flag

Shepard poses next to the American flag on the Moon during Apollo fourteen

For this mission Shepard was awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal[111] and the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. His commendation read:

The President of the United states of america of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Helm Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr. (NSN: 0-389998), Us Navy, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of corking responsibility to the Government of the United States, as Spacecraft Commander for the Apollo xiv flight to the Fra-Mauro area of the Moon during the period 31 January 1971 to 9 February 1971. Responsible for the on-board control of the spacecraft control module Kittyhawk and the lunar module Antares in the gathering of scientific data involving complex and difficult instrumentation positing and sample gathering, including a chancy two-mile traverse of the lunar surface, Captain Shepard, by his brilliant functioning, contributed substantially to the success of this vital scientific moon mission. Equally a result of his skillful leadership, professional competence and dedication, the Apollo 14 mission, with its numerous tasks and vital scientific experiments, was accomplished in an outstanding manner, enabling scientists to make up one's mind more than precisely the Moon's original formation and farther forecast man'due south proper role in the exploration of his Universe. By his mettlesome and determined devotion to duty, Captain Shepard rendered valuable and distinguished service and contributed greatly to the success of the U.s. Infinite Program, thereby upholding the highest traditions of the United states of america Naval Service.[82]

Post-obit Apollo 14, Shepard returned to his position equally Master of the Astronaut Role in June 1971. In July 1971 President Richard Nixon appointed him as a delegate to the 26th United nations Full general Assembly, a position in which he served from September to Dec 1971.[88] He was promoted to rear admiral by Nixon on August 26, 1971, the starting time astronaut to reach this rank, although McDivitt had previously been promoted to brigadier general, an equivalent rank in the Air Force.[112] [113] He retired from both NASA and the Navy on July 31, 1974.[88]

Later years [edit]

Shepard was devoted to his children. Frequently, Julie, Laura and Alice were the only astronauts' children at NASA events. He taught them to ski and took them skiing in Colorado. He once rented a small-scale plane to fly them and their friends from Texas to a summertime army camp in Maine. He doted on his six grandchildren as well. After Apollo 14 he began to spend more than fourth dimension with Louise, and started taking her with him on trips to the Paris Air Evidence every other year, and to Asia.[114] Louise heard rumors of his affairs.[115] The publication of Tom Wolfe'south 1979 volume The Right Stuff made them public cognition, merely she never confronted him virtually it,[116] nor did she ever contemplate leaving him.[114]

Afterward Shepard left NASA, he served on the boards of many corporations. He also served as president of his umbrella company for several business enterprises, Vii 14 Enterprises, Inc. (named for his two flights, Liberty 7 and Apollo xiv).[117] He fabricated a fortune in cyberbanking and real estate.[118] He was a fellow of the American Astronautical Social club and the Gild of Experimental Test Pilots, a member of Rotary, Kiwanis, the Mayflower Society, the Order of the Cincinnati, and the American Fighter Aces, an honorary member of the board of directors for the Houston School for Deafened Children, and a director of the National Space Institute and the Los Angeles Ear Research Found.[88] In 1984, together with the other surviving Mercury astronauts, and Betty Grissom, Gus Grissom's widow, Shepard founded the Mercury Seven Foundation, which raises money to provide higher scholarships to scientific discipline and engineering students. It was renamed the Astronaut Scholarship Foundation in 1995. Shepard was elected its showtime president and chairman, positions he held until Oct 1997, when he was succeeded past sometime astronaut Jim Lovell. Equally of 2022, daughter Laura Churchley leads the foundation's Lath of Trustees.[88]

In 1994, he published a volume with two journalists, Jay Barbree and Howard Bridegroom, called Moon Shot: The Inside Story of America's Race to the Moon. Beau Mercury astronaut Deke Slayton is likewise named as an author. The book included a composite photo showing Shepard hitting a golf brawl on the Moon. At that place are no still images of this event; the only record is Television footage.[108] The book was turned into a TV miniseries in 1994.[119]

Shepard was diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in 1996 and died from complications of the illness in Pebble Beach, California, on July 21, 1998.[120] [121] Among astronauts who had walked on the Moon, he was the 2d to dice (Jim Irwin had been the first, in 1991).[106] Shepard's widow Louise had planned to cremate his remains and besprinkle the ashes, but before she was able to do that, she herself died from a eye attack—on August 25, 1998, at 17:00, which, coincidentally, was the same time of day at which he had always phoned her when they were apart. They had been married for 53 years. Their family decided to cremate them both, and their ashes were scattered, together, from a Navy helicopter, over Stillwater Cove, in front of their Pebble Embankment dwelling house.[122] [123]

On December 11, 2021, twenty-three years later his death, Shepard's daughter Laura Shepard Churchley flew in infinite also while aboard the non-NASA Blue Origin's New Shepard 5 spaceship.[124] [125]

Awards and honors [edit]

Shepard was awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor by President Jimmy Carter on October i, 1978.[126] He also received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Accomplishment in 1981;[127] the Langley Gold Medal on May 5, 1964; the John J. Montgomery Accolade in 1963; the Lambert bays; the SETP Iven C. Kincheloe Honour;[128] the Cabot Laurels; the Collier Trophy;[129] and the City of New York Metropolis Gilded Medal for 1971.[88] He was awarded honorary degrees of Master of Arts from Dartmouth College in 1962, D.Sc. from Miami University in 1971, and Doctorate of Humanities from Franklin Pierce College in 1972.[88] He was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1977,[130] the International Infinite Hall of Fame in 1981,[17] [131] and the U.Due south. Astronaut Hall of Fame on May eleven, 1990.[132] [133]

A stone memorial plaque that reads: "Love is Eternal – RADM Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr * US Navy * America's First man in Space 1998 – His loving wife Louise Brewer Shepard 1998"

Shepard'due south memorial stone in Derry, New Hampshire. His ashes were scattered at bounding main.

The Navy named a supply ship, USNSAlan Shepard(T-AKE-3), for him in 2006.[134] The McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery Middle in Concord, New Hampshire, is named after Shepard and Christa McAuliffe.[135] In 1996, the entirety of I-565 (which passes in forepart of the U.Due south. Space & Rocket Center, home to both the Saturn Five Dynamic Test Vehicle and a full-scale vertical Saturn Five replica) was designated the "Admiral Alan B. Shepard Highway" in his award.[136] [137] Interstate 93 in New Hampshire, from the Massachusetts border to Hooksett, is designated the Alan B. Shepard Highway,[138] and in Hampton, Virginia, a road is named Commander Shepard Boulevard in his accolade.[139] His hometown of Derry has the nickname Space Boondocks in honour of his career as an astronaut.[140] Following an act of Congress, the mail service part in Derry was designated the Alan B. Shepard Jr. Post Role Building.[141] Alan Shepard Park in Cocoa Beach, Florida, a beach-side park south of Cape Canaveral, is named in his accolade.[142] The City of Virginia Embankment renamed its convention center, with its integral geodesic dome, the Alan B. Shepard Convention Center. The building was later on renamed the Alan B. Shepard Civic Center, and was razed in 1994.[143] At the time of the Freedom seven launch, Shepard lived in Virginia Embankment.[144]

Shepard's high school alma mater in Derry, Pinkerton Academy, has a building named after him, and the school team is chosen the Astros after his career as an astronaut.[145] Alan B. Shepard Loftier School, in Palos Heights, Illinois, which opened in 1976, was named in his honor. Framed newspapers throughout the school depict various accomplishments and milestones in Shepard's life. Additionally, an autographed plaque commemorates the dedication of the building. The school paper is named Freedom vii and the yearbook is entitled Odyssey.[146] Blue Origin's suborbital space tourism rocket, the New Shepard, is named after Shepard.[147]

In a 2010 Space Foundation survey, Shepard was ranked as the 9th almost popular infinite hero (tied with astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Gus Grissom).[148] In 2011, NASA honored Shepard with an Ambassador of Exploration Award, consisting of a Moon rock encased in Lucite, for his contributions to the U.S. space programme. His family unit members accepted the award on his behalf during a ceremony on April 28 at the U.South. Naval Academy Museum in Annapolis, Maryland, where information technology is on permanent display.[149] On May 4, 2011, the U.S. Mail issued a excellent stamp in Shepard's honor, the first U.S. postage stamp to depict a specific astronaut. The get-go 24-hour interval of issue ceremony was held at NASA's Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex.[150]

Each year, the Space Foundation, in partnership with the Astronauts Memorial Foundation and NASA, present the Alan Shepard Engineering in Education Award for outstanding contributions by K–12 educators or district-level administrators to educational technology. The award recognizes excellence in the development and application of technology in the classroom or to the professional development of teachers. The recipient demonstrates exemplary employ of technology either to foster lifelong learners or to make the learning process easier.[151]

In media [edit]

  • 1965 British Television series Thunderbirds – the character of Alan Tracy was named after him.[152]
  • 1983 motion-picture show The Right Stuff – played by Scott Glenn.[153]
  • 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon – played by Ted Levine.[154]
  • 2001 opening montage, Star Trek: Enterprise.[155]
  • 2002 film Race to Infinite – played by Mark Moses.[156]
  • 2005 BBC TV series Space Race – played by Todd Boyce.
  • 2007–2012 BioWare video game series Mass Effect – main protagonist Commander Shepard is named afterwards him.[157]
  • 2015 ABC TV series The Astronaut Wives Order – played by Desmond Harrington.[158]
  • 2016 film Hidden Figures – played by Dane Davenport.[159]
  • 2020 Disney+ TV Serial The Right Stuff – played by Jake McDorman.[160]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Thompson 2004, p. 7.
  2. ^ a b Burgess 2014, p. 69.
  3. ^ Thompson 2004, p. eight.
  4. ^ Thompson 2004, p. 10.
  5. ^ a b Burgess 2014, p. lxx.
  6. ^ a b c Thompson 2004, pp. 16–18.
  7. ^ "Astronauts With Scouting Experience". U.S. Scouting Service Project . Retrieved May 1, 2019.
  8. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 20–24.
  9. ^ a b Shepard et al. 2010, p. 64.
  10. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 24–27.
  11. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 27–29.
  12. ^ a b Thompson 2004, pp. 36–37.
  13. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. twoscore–42.
  14. ^ "Well-wishers besiege Alan Shepard family". Eugene Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. Associated Printing. October 28, 1961. p. v.
  15. ^ Thompson 2004, p. 56.
  16. ^ a b "Astronaut Bio: Alan B. Shepard, Jr. (REAR ADMIRAL, USN, RET.) NASA ASTRONAUT (DECEASED)" (PDF). National Helmsmanship and Infinite Assistants. September 1998. Retrieved June ii, 2021.
  17. ^ a b "International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Infinite History :: Inductee Profile". New Mexico Museum of Space History. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  18. ^ Thompson 2004, p. 57.
  19. ^ a b "Cogswell". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved March two, 2016.
  20. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 62–64.
  21. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 66–68.
  22. ^ Thompson 2004, p. 109.
  23. ^ Thompson 2004, p. 131.
  24. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 178–179.
  25. ^ "Astronaut's Married woman Was Confident" (PDF). North Tonawanda NY Evening News. May 5, 1961. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  26. ^ Thompson 2004, p. 439.
  27. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 69–80.
  28. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 84–87.
  29. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. ninety–95.
  30. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 100–103.
  31. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 109–114.
  32. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 124–125.
  33. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 131–137.
  34. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 144–148.
  35. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 167–169.
  36. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 151–154.
  37. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 170–172.
  38. ^ Shepard et al. 2010, p. 65.
  39. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 175–177.
  40. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 177–181.
  41. ^ Thompson 2004, p. 190.
  42. ^ "See the New Men of Space". The Salt Lake Tribune. April ten, 1959. p. 1. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  43. ^ Burgess 2011, pp. 25–29.
  44. ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, p. 134.
  45. ^ Atkinson & Shafritz 1985, pp. 36–39.
  46. ^ Burgess 2011, p. 35.
  47. ^ Burgess 2011, p. 38.
  48. ^ Burgess 2011, pp. 46–51.
  49. ^ Atkinson & Shafritz 1985, pp. 40–42.
  50. ^ Atkinson & Shafritz 1985, p. 42.
  51. ^ Atkinson & Shafritz 1985, pp. 43–47.
  52. ^ a b Burgess 2011, pp. 234–237.
  53. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 196–197.
  54. ^ Shepard et al. 2010, p. 67.
  55. ^ Burgess 2011, pp. 274–275.
  56. ^ Atkinson & Shafritz 1985, pp. 42–47.
  57. ^ Glenn & Taylor 1985, pp. 274–275.
  58. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 262–269.
  59. ^ Shepard & Slayton 1994, pp. 76–79.
  60. ^ Shepard, Alan (July–August 1994). "First Step to the Moon". American Heritage. 45 (4). ISSN 0002-8738. Retrieved March half-dozen, 2016.
  61. ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, p. 343.
  62. ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, p. 141.
  63. ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, p. 263.
  64. ^ a b c Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, p. 342.
  65. ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, p. 324.
  66. ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, p. 350.
  67. ^ a b Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, pp. 332–333.
  68. ^ Thompson 2004, p. 282.
  69. ^ Burgess 2014, pp. 99–100.
  70. ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, p. 351.
  71. ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, p. 341.
  72. ^ Burgess 2014, pp. 131–134.
  73. ^ Shepard & Slayton 1994, p. 107.
  74. ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, p. 368.
  75. ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, pp. 352–357.
  76. ^ Burgess 2014, p. 147.
  77. ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, pp. 360–361.
  78. ^ Kranz 2000, pp. 200–201.
  79. ^ "Events of 1961: U.S. in Space". United Press International. 1961. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  80. ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, pp. 356–357.
  81. ^ As Earth Watched. Spaceman Hailed After U.South. Triumph, 1961/05/08 (1961) (Motion motion-picture show). Universal-International Newsreel. 1961. OCLC 709678549. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
  82. ^ a b "Valor awards for Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr". Military Times . Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  83. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 319–322.
  84. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 328–330.
  85. ^ Burgess 2014, pp. 236–237.
  86. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 338–339.
  87. ^ a b Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966, p. 492.
  88. ^ a b c d e f thou h i j "Alan B. Shepard Jr". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on November 3, 2004. Retrieved November iii, 2009.
  89. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 344–345.
  90. ^ Hacker & Grimwood 1977, pp. three–5.
  91. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 345–346.
  92. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 350–351.
  93. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 352–354.
  94. ^ Shepard & Slayton 1994, pp. 168–170.
  95. ^ Thompson 2004, p. 366.
  96. ^ Shayler 2001, p. 97.
  97. ^ Burgess 2013, pp. 50–52.
  98. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 362–363.
  99. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 359–360.
  100. ^ Wolfe 1979, pp. 172–173.
  101. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 386–387.
  102. ^ a b c Thompson 2004, pp. 390–393.
  103. ^ a b Slayton & Cassutt 1994, pp. 235–238.
  104. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 402–406.
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  115. ^ Thompson 2004, p. 405.
  116. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 452–453.
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  122. ^ Thompson 2004, pp. 471–472.
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Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration website https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/shepard_alan.pdf.

References [edit]

  • Atkinson, Joseph D.; Shafritz, Jay M. (1985). The Real Stuff: A History of NASA's Astronaut Recruitment Program. Praeger special studies. New York: Praeger. ISBN978-0-03-005187-half-dozen. OCLC 12052375.
  • Burgess, Colin (2011). Selecting the Mercury Seven: The Search for America'south Kickoff Astronauts. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. New York; London: Springer. ISBN978-i-4419-8405-0. OCLC 747105631.
  • Burgess, Colin (2013). Moon Bound: Choosing and Preparing NASA's Lunar Astronauts. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. New York; London: Springer. ISBN978-1-4614-3854-0. OCLC 905162781.
  • Burgess, Colin (2014). Liberty 7: The Celebrated Flight of Alan B. Shepard Jr. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. New York; London: Springer. ISBN978-3-319-01155-4. OCLC 902685533.
  • Carpenter, Thou. Scott; Cooper, L. Gordon Jr.; Glenn, John H. Jr.; Grissom, Virgil I.; Schirra, Walter M. Jr.; Shepard, Alan B. Jr.; Slayton, Donald K. (2010) [Originally published 1962]. We Seven: By the Astronauts Themselves . New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. ISBN978-i-4391-8103-4. LCCN 62019074. OCLC 429024791.
  • Geraghty, Lincoln (2007). Living with Star Trek: American culture and the Star Trek universe. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN978-ane-84511-421-three. OCLC 74525330.
  • Glenn, John; Taylor, Nick (1985). John Glenn: A Memoir. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN978-0-553-11074-vi. OCLC 42290245.
  • Hacker, Barton C.; Grimwood, James K. (1977). On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Infinite Administration. SP-4203. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
  • Kranz, Gene (2000). Failure Is Not an Option: Mission Command from Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN0-7432-0079-9. LCCN 00027720. OCLC 43590801.
  • Marriott, John (1992). Thunderbirds Are Become!. London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBNi-85283-164-2. OCLC 27642248.
  • Shepard, Alan B.; Slayton, Donald K.; Barbree, Jay; Benedict, Howard (1994). Moon Shot: The Inside Story of America's Race to the Moon. Atlanta: Turner Publishing Visitor. ISBN1-878685-54-vi. LCCN 94003027. OCLC 29846731.
  • Slayton, Donald K.; Cassutt, Michael (1994). Deke!: U.S. Manned Infinite: From Mercury to the Shuttle. New York: Forge. ISBN0-312-85503-half-dozen. LCCN 94002463. OCLC 29845663.
  • Shayler, David (2001). Gemini: Steps to the Moon. Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and infinite sciences. London: Springer. ISBN978-1-85233-405-5. OCLC 248213555.
  • Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1966). This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury. The NASA History Serial. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. OCLC 569889. NASA SP-4201. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
  • Thompson, Neal (2004). Light This Candle: The Life & Times of Alan Shepard, America's First Spaceman (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN0-609-61001-5. LCCN 2003015688. OCLC 52631310.
  • Wolfe, Tom (1979). The Correct Stuff. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN978-0-553-27556-8. OCLC 849889526.

External links [edit]

  • "Alan Shepard: 1st American in Space". Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May six, 2010. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL condition unknown (link) – slideshow by Life mag
  • Alan Shepard at IMDb
  • Appearances on C-SPAN
  • "Presentation by Neal Thompson on Lite This Candle: The Life and Times of Alan Shepard". C-SPAN. May 26, 2004. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  • Oral history interview with Shepard for the Johnson Infinite Center's History Role, February 20, 1998.
  • Remarks by Sen. John Glenn on the death of Alan Shepard, July 22, 1998. C-SPAN.
  • Alan Shepard Memorial Service, August 1, 1998. C-SPAN.
  • "Admiral Alan B. Shepard, Jr., USN, Biography and Interview". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Shepard

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